Browsing by Author "Pinto, Marta"
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- Escolhas Intertemporais e Comportamento Desviante: Breve Nota sobre Quatro Décadas de EstudosPublication . Moreira, Diana; Almeida, Fernando; Pinto, Marta; Barros, Susana; Barbosa, FernandoEscolhas intertemporais (EIs) são escolhas que envolvem trocas entre custos e benefícios que ocorrem em diferentes momentos no tempo. O primeiro objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um enquadramento conceptual das EIs, nomeadamente a base teórica do desconto e as funções de desconto (utilidade descontada, desconto quase-hiperbólico e desconto hiperbólico), concluindo com uma breve descrição dos padrões de preferência nas EIs (o efeito de diferimento, o efeito de magnitude, o efeito de sinal, e a assimetria atraso- adiantamento). Em segundo lugar, pretendemos apresentar um resumo das opções metodológicas na investigação sobre EIs, em particular, as diferenças relativamente às modalidades de recompensa, intervalos de atraso, e tentativas de manipular o desconto diferido. Finalmente, salientamos a relevância da investigação sobre EIs para o estudo do comportamento antissocial e desviante.
- Neurobiological bases of intertemporal choices: A comprehensive reviewPublication . Moreira, Diana; Pinto, Marta; Almeida, Fernando; Barros, Susana; Barbosa, FernandoIntertemporal choices (ICs) are choices that involve trade-off between costs and benefits that take place at differ ent moments in time. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive literature review on neurobiological bases of IC. We present the functional models of IC and data from neuroimaging studies, namely ALE analysis. With this paper we intended to show the presence of immediate value preference beyond that predicted by a single-parameter exponential discounting model and its mapping to the dual-systems model for brain function. Studies indicate that individuals tend to show inconsistent preferences depending on the time until the rewards are available and support a perspective that intertemporal evaluation reflects neural mechanisms that differ from other forms of choice, although associated value signals are later represented in the context of a common reward system. The IC induces activations in a “nuclear network” and auxiliary areas including inferior prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal cortex, and peri-splenial posterior cingulate. The network of areas sensitive to value is comprised of several regions that include ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior insula. Evidence from neuroimaging and EEG studies corroborates that choices are determined by a dual evaluation system.
- Psicopatia no Feminino: Uma Breve Revisão da sua Avaliação e SubtiposPublication . Moreira, Diana; Pinto, Marta; Almeida, Fernando; Barros, Susana; Barbosa, Fernando
- Psycopathy: A comprehensive review of its assessment and interventionPublication . Almeida, Fernando; Moreira, Diana; Pinto, Marta; Fávero, MarisalvaPsychopathy is one of the most studied personality disorders, in terms of the negative impact that the behaviors associated with this disorder — particularly, the criminal behavior — have in the community where the individual lives. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive literature review on psychopathy, focusing some difficulties related to its concept, assessment, and intervention. Here, psychopathy is presented as a construct resulting from decades of clinical and empirical research, and whose dimensional nature justifies the possibility of assessing the general population. Studies indicate that psychopathy is manifested in a number of behaviors resulting from biological and personality factors related to a series of family history and environmental factors. We emphasize the need for more empirical research on psychopathy in the general population in Portugal, regarding the development and adaptation of measures of the construct.
- Time perception deficits in impulsivity disorders: A systematic reviewPublication . Moreira, Diana; Pinto, Marta; Almeida, Fernando; Barbosa, FernandoThis systematic review aims to identify evidences of distortions in time perception (TP) in people with impulsiv ity disorders or other conditions having impulsivity traits, namely traumatic brain injuries, certain personality disorders, addictive behavior disorders, and pathological gambling. Studies related to TP deficits and impulsivity disorders were retrieved from multiple literature databases, through predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the 197 obtained documents, 47 were selected for analysis, and a final set of 15 studies was retrieved for this review. Regardless of some conflicting findings, the available results suggest that patients with orbitofrontal lesions produce and reproduce significantly less time and estimate time periods significantly longer than healthy subjects. Patients with borderline personality disorder show decreased time perception and patients with antisocial personality disorder seem to execute more premature responses during time estimation tasks. Stimulant dependent individuals also tend to overestimate the time intervals, and pathological gamblers demonstrate shorter time horizons than social gamblers. Taken together, the available data suggest that impulsive individuals tend to overestimate the passage of time and to execute more premature responses, producing and reproducing less time, but more research is necessary to increase the strength of the evidences on this issue. This systematic review updates evidences of distortions in TP in impulsivity, improving the understanding of the relations between these two variables.